Plugs for communications cords and methods of making the same



2 Sheets-Sheet 1 v m W T N Ulllll NQ m M m vm m V ww m K n f E N NN. bwQ\ m Om G WU. WN` QN\ Il 'ml' /m G. E. HENNING PLUGS FOR COMMUNICATIONSCORDS AND METHODS 0F' rMAKING THE SAME Oct. 2l, 1958 Filed May 7. 1953Oct. 21, 1958 E. HENNING 2,857,581

G. PLUGS FOR COMMUNICATIONS CORDS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME FiledMay 7. 1953 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 ILL] FIG. 6

/NVEN TOR G. E. HENN/NG 5V Afro/:wey

' periodi-cally.

United States Patent PLUGS FOR COMlVIUNICATIONS CORDS AND METHODS 0FMAKING THE SAB/IE George E. Henning, Baltimore, Md., assignor to WesternElectric Company, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of NewYork Application May 7, 1953, Serial No. 353,547 6 Claims. (Cl. 339-183)This invention relates to lcomunications cords and methods ofmanufacturing such cords, and more particularly to cords having plugsthereon used to make connections in telephone switchboards, and thelike, vand methods of manufacturing such cords.

The connection plugs on switchboard cords used in telephone exchangesmust be ruggedly constructed to withstand being rapidly and repeatedlyinserted into the jacks in the switchboards by telephone operators. Inmaking connections the plugs are subjected to wear, stress and strain,which tend to make it necessary to replace them Heretofore, commercialtelephone plugs have been manufactured by assembling a plurality ofcontact and connection members, and housing these members within atubular metallic body. This assembly was then subjected to a proiilingmachine in which the final shape and dimensions of the plug wereattained. A tubular shell composed of hard rubber, or the like, wasattached to the proled assembly to serve as a hand grip for telephoneoperators at the switchboard. The metallic body portion of this plug wasmade of hard brass, in order to impart strength, corrosion resistancevand good electrical conductivity to the plug. These plug structures andmanufacturing procedures of the prior art were complicated andexpensive.

An object of this invention -is to provide new and irnprovedcommunications cordsand methods of making suchl cords. v

Another object of this invention is to provide new and improved cordshaving telephone plugs thereon, and the like, and methods of making suchcords.

A cord illustrating certain features of the invention may include aconductive center pin having a contact lball secured to one end thereofandmounted concentrically within a conductive sleeve of a plug bodyhaving a contact ring secured to one end thereof so that the contactball is positioned adjacent to the contact ring, said center pin andsleeve being electrically connected to a plurality of insulatedconductors at one end of a length of cordage, and a plastic shellconstituting the entire remainder of the plug body molded around theconductors at the end of the cordage and around the adjacent portions ofthe cordage and of the sleeve.

A method illustrating certain features of the invention may include thesteps of mounting within a conductive sleeve having a contact ringsecured to one end thereof a conductive center pin having a contact ballsecured to one end thereof so that the contact ball is positionedadjacent to the contact ring thereby partially assembling a plug,electrically connecting the center pin and the sleeve to a plurality ofinsulated conductors `at one end of a cord, and molding a plastic shellaround the conductors at the end of the cord and around the adjacentportions of the cord and of the sleeve to form the entire remainder ofthe plug and to encase the end of the cord.

A complete understanding of the invention may be obtained from thefollowing ldetailed description of cords embodying the invention andmethods of making such 2,857,581 l Patented Oct. v2,1, 1958 Amunications cord embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of the cord shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 isan enlarged, transverse section taken along line 3 3 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary, horizontal section of apparatus suitable forperforming one method embodying the invention to manufacture the cordillustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical section taken along line5*5 of Fig. 4 las it would appear with the upper half of the mold inplace;

Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section of a completed cord embodying theinvention having a modified structure;

Fig. 7 is an enlarged transverse section taken along line 7-7 of Fig. 6as it would appear if the embodiment in Fig. 6 were unsectioned;

Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section of a portion of the article shown inFig. 6, at an intermediate stage of its manufacture according to onemethod embodying the invention, and

Fig. 9 is =an enlarged perspective view of the same vportion of thearticle illustrated in Fig. 8, at another stage of its manufacture.

Referring to Fig. 1, a plug designated generally by the number 20,'isprovided in the usual manner with a contact ball 22 and a contact ring24, which are designed to complete a two conductor type of electricalcircuit when the plug 20 is inserted into a jack on a telephoneswitchboard (not shown). The 'contact ball 22 is mounted on one end of acenter pin 26 (Figs. 2 and 3) which extends axially through the contactring 24 fand into a cylindrical body portion 28 of the plug 20. TheContact ring 24 is mounted on one end of a semicircular web 30 which isycentered on and extends along one side of the center pin 26. T-he web30 and the center pin 26 lextend approximately equal distances into thecylindrical body portion 28 of the plug 20. A'shank portion 32 of theplug 20 extends from the contact ring 24 to the cylindrical body portion28. The shank portion 32 is also cylindrical in shape, but is of smallerdiameter than the body portion 28, resulting in the formation of anannular shoulder 34 at the juncture of these portions. The shoulder 34serves as a stop when the right hand end of the plug 20, as viewed inFig. 1, is inserted into the jack on a telephone switchboard.

The contact ball 22 is separated from the contact ring 24 'by aninsulating collar 36. This collar, known in the art as a dead collar,approaches the size of the shank portion 32 in outside diameter, beinglarger than the contact ball 22 and the `contact ring 24. The collar 36functions as 4a guide and a bearing surface when the plug 20 is beinginserted into the jack on a switchboard.

ln accordance with the invention, the body portion 28 andthe shankAportion'32 of the plug 20, as well as the collar 36, are all composedof a molded plastic, such as nylon. The annular shoulder 34 formed atthe juncture of the body portion 28 with the shank portion 32 is made ofthe same molded plastic. It is'not necessary to reinforce this shoulder,even though it is subjected to repeated impacts in service. Certainplastics, of which nylon is particularly outstanding, have suliicientstrength and imtion 28 of the plug 20 encases the adjacent portion ofthe cordage 38. In the interior of the body portion 28, conductor 41 issoldered to the adjacent end of the center pin 26, and the conductor 42is soldered to theadjacent end of the semicircular web 30, preferably'onthe outer rim thereof. The conductors 41 and 42 as well as theirsoldered connections to the pin 26 and the web 30 are completelyenveloped by the molded plastic which makes up the body portion 28 ofthe plug 20. Thus, the plug is joined permanently to the length ofcordage 38, and approximately one half the length of the body portion 28of the plug encases the adjacent end of the cordage 38. By means of thecenter pin 26 and the web 30, the conductors 41 and 42 of the cordage 38are connected electrically to the contact ball 22 and the contact ring24, respectively.

The contact hall 22 may be an integral part ofl the center pin 26, asshown in Fig. 2, or these members may be made separately and then bethreaded or otherwise joined together. In any event, the contact ball 22may be profiled to its final shape and dimensions prior to the time therest of the plug 20 is assembled, unlike the procedure used in the priorart. The contact ring 24 may also be machined to its final shape anddimensions during the preliminary operations. This ring is joinedintegrally to the semicircular Web 30, at one end thereof. The ring 24and the web 30 may be formed simultaneously by machining a brass tube tocut away half of the tube beyond the ring along the axis of the tube.

By modifying the internal structure of the plug 20, the metallicportions thereof may be formed principally by stamping operationsinstead of machining operations. As shown in Fig. 6, a modified plug12,0 is provided with a contact ball 122 and contact ring 124, in theusual manner. As in the case of the plug 20, the contact ball 122 of theplug 120 is secured at one end of a centerpin 126 which protrudesaxially through the contact ring 124 and into the interior of a bodyportion 128 thereof. The contact ring 124 is mounted at one end of anouter pin 130 which is shorter than the center pin 126 but protrudesinto the body portion 128 the same distance as the center pin. A shankportion 132 of the plug 120 extends from ,the contact ring 124 to thebody portion 128, and both of these portions of the plug are composed ofmolded plastic. The body portion 128 and the shank portion 132 arecylindrical in shape, but the shank portion has a smaller diameter,thereby forming an annular 136, which corresponds in structure and infunction with the collar 36 on the plug 20. The left hand end of theplug 120, as viewed in Fig. 6, is attached to a length of iiexiblecordage 138 having a pair of lamentary, individually insulatedconductors 141 and 142 therein. In the interior of the body portion 128of the plug 1120, the conductor 141 is soldered to the adjacent end ofthe center pin 126, and the conductor 142 is soldered to the adjacentend of the outer pin 130. The molded plastic which makes up the bodyportion 128 of the plug 120 envelops completely the conductors 141 and142, their soldered connections to the pins 126 and 130, and theadjacent portion of the cordage 138. v

The plug 124B is joined permanently to the adjacent end of the cordage138, with the conductors 141 and 142 thereof electrically connected tothe contact ball 122 and the contact ring 124, respectively. Thecylindrical body portion 128 thereof serves conveniently as aninsulatedshoulder 134 at the junction of these portions of the plug 120. However,the plug 120 differs in structure from the plug 20, in that the centerpin 126 and the outer pin 130 have the appearance of Hat plates spacedequidistantly throughout the length of the shorter plate.

Only the contact ball 122 need be formed by a machining operation. Thecenter pin 126 may be stamped from a dat strip of metal, and then bejoined to the ball 122 by soldering, welding or in any other suitablemanner. Likewise, a stamping operation may be used to form the contactring 124 and the outer pin 130. The formation of these members may beaccomplished by stamping a T-shaped section from a at strip of metal,then rolling the arms of the T-shaped section to bend them arcuately andmake their ends meet. Thus, the arcuately bent arms of the T-shapedsection become the contact ring 124, while the stem of the T-shapedsection becomes the outer pin 130. In order to prevent the arcuatelybent halves of such a Contact ring from springing outwardly, it may beadvisable to bond their ends together, as by soldering. As shown inFigs. 6 and 7, the

outer pin 130 may be offset inwardly from the periphery of the ring 124,but this oiset is not absolutely necessary, so long as the pin 130 isimbedded deeply enough in the interior of the plastic shank portion 132of the plug 120 to be insulated adequately.

Between the contact ball 122 and the contact ring 124, the plug 120 isprovided with an insulating collar handgrip for telephone operators atthe switchboard. Approximately one half the length of the body portion128 encases the adjacent end of the cordage 138, and the other half ofthe body portion 1-28 encases the portions of the pins 126 and 130 whichproject into the body portion t from the shank portion 132 of the plug120.

In the case of both the plug 20 and the plug 120, the molded plasticportions thereof may all be formed simultaneously in a single moldingoperation, or separatemolding operations may be used to form differentportions of the plugs successively. However, as a matter of convenience,said single molding operation will be described in relation to a methodof manufacturing the plug 20, while a method involving successivemolding operations will be described in relation to the manufacture ofthe plug 120.

In the manufacture of the plug 20, the contact ball 22 and the contactring 24 along with the center pin 26 and the semicircular web 30 towhich the ball and ring are attached, respectively, are rst preformed totheir final shapes and dimensions. This preliminary operation may beperformed by machining suitable brass rods and tubes. Next the centerpin 26 is placed axially through the contact ring 24 with the contactball 22 located near the ring at one end of this assembly. The other endof this assembly is joined to the conductors 41 and 42 of the length offlexible, braided cordage 38. rl`he conductors 41 and 42 are exposed atone end of the cordage 38, and the exposed conductors are arranged toproject towards the pin 26 and the web 30. The conductor 41 is thensoldered to the adjacent end of the center pin 26,

and the conductor 42 is soldered to the outer rim of the i plug 20, aswell as the collar 36, are now formed simultaneously about this assemblyby a single injection molding operation. The pin 26 and the web 38together with the adjacent end of the cordage 38 to which these membersare attached, are placed in a mold (Fig. 4) having a mold cavity 152therein. The mold cavity 152 is made accurately to very close tolerancesin order to t tightly about the ball 22 and the ring 24, so that none ofthe plastic injected into the mold 150 can creep around the ball andring and form insulating layers on the outside of these members. One endof the mold cavity 152 is blocked completely by the contact ball 22. Theother end of the mold cavity is closed by the length of cordage 38, butthe cordage is permitted to project through the mold to the outsideatmosphere. The rest of the mold cavity 152 possesses the propercontours to form the body portion 28, the shank portion 32 and thecollar 36 of the plug 20, when molten plastic is injected into the mold150.

Among the plastics which may be used in the manufacture of .cordsembodying the invention are thermoplastics, such as nylon, polystyrene,polyethylene, and polymerized methyl methacrylate. In View of thebrittle nature of pure polystyrene, it may be advisable to incorporateplasticizers or to employ copolymers of styrene with other syntheticresins. These thermoplastics exhibit toughness, impact resistance, lightWeight, ease of molding, good insulating properties, and dimensionalstability over a wide range of temperatures, which properties make themoutstandingly Valuable in the manufacture of telephone plugs. They arereadily available in the form of molding powders in the commercialchemical market, and in this form they may be injected into molds inaccordance with established procedures. Specific details of theseprocedures are readily obtainable from suppliers of such moldingpowders.

The preferred thermoplastic is nylon. In the nylon family of compounds,the high molecular weight copolymers derived from hexamethylenediamineand adipic acid have been found to be particularly useful. Nylon ismicrocrystalline in character, as may be determined from its X-raydiffraction patterns. Due to its crystalline character, unlike mostother thermoplastic compounds, it exhibits a sharp melting point. In itsmolten condition, the viscosity of nylon resembles that of a lightlubricating oil.

Molten nylon is injected into the cavity 152 from a heated chamber 154of an injector 156 to which nylon powder 158 is fed from a hopper 160 bya reciprocable .plunger 162. The injector 156 is surrounded by aheati'ng'coil 164` and the center of the heated chamber 154 is occupiedby a torpedo 166 which forces the advancing powder 158 into contact withthe heated wall of the chamber 154 to convert the nylon into a moltenform. During successive strokes of the plunger 162 the nylon powder 158in the chamber 154 is moved forward by the powder entering the chamber,and heated gradually to uidity.

The molten nylon progresses from the chamber 154 through a centralorifice 168 formed in a nozzle 170 which ts accurately into a recess 172formed in the outer surface of the mold 150. The orifice 168 is alignedwith a sprue 174 which leads directly into the interior of the mold 150from the recess 172. Since the rst material ejected through the nozzle170 may be relatively vcold and hard, a cold-slug well 176 is providedat the interior end of the sprue 174. It may not be necessary to have acold-slug well when plugs are being molded one at a time, but theprovision of a cold-slug well is advisable when several plugs are beingmolded simultaneously.

A passageway 178, known as a runner, extends from the mold cavity 152 toabout the midpoint of the sprue 174. After the cold-slug well 176 islled up, molten material is advanced through the runner 178 to anentrance 180, known as a gate, provided on one side of the mold cavity152. The mold 150 is composed of two mated sections 182-182, best shownin Fig. 5, which are substantially identical in appearance, and are heldtogether by a pair of guide pins 184-184 located at opposide ends of themold. After a molding operation has been completed, the two sections182--182 may be pried apart by inserting any convenient tool (not shown)into a pair of tapered apertures 186-186 which lead from the outside ofthe mold to the guide pins 184-184.

It is advisable to provide means for keeping the center pin 26 in theexact center of the contact ring 24 during the injecting moldingoperation, so that these members will be concentric in the finishedtelephone plug 20. Although the contact ball 22 is engaged positively atone end of the mold cavity 152 by the two mold sections 182--182, it isnot advisable to rely entirely upon the tight fit within the mold cavityto keep the pin 26 properly positioned with respect to the ring 24 untilthe plastic injected into the mold has hardened. Hence, a prop 188 (Fig.is placed in the center of the mold cavity 152 to keep the pin 26 spacedproperly from the web 30. The prop 188 is provided with a pair of spacedfeet 190-190 which rest on the interior wall of one of the mold sections182-182. The feet 190-190 are contoured properly to t smoothly againstthis wall and at the same time to permit plastic injected at one end ofthe mold cavity 152 to flow past the feet to the other end of the moldcavity. 'Ihe top of the prop 188 is apertured to t over the pin 26 andbetween the pin and the web 30.

Although the prop 188 functions only as a temporary support while themold 150 is closed and molten plastic is being injected into the mold,the prop remains permanently in the completed telephone plug 20. Theprop 188 is preformed from the same plastic that is injected into themold. During the molding operation the prop 188 merges with the bodyportion 28 of the plug 20, so that when the plug is removed from themold the presence of the prop is no longer apparent. The prop 188 may befitted onto the center pin 26 just prior to the time this pin issoldered to the conductor 41.

Each stroke of the plunger 162 moves enough of the nylon powder 158 intothe heated chamber 154 to equal the amount of molten nylon required bythe mold 150 for the formation of a single telephone plug 20. Thechamber 154 has a capacity suicient to hold several shots of nylon, sothat a reservoir of molten material is available constantly for theproduction of a succession of completed plugs. The powder 158 is heatedgradually and converted to uidity as it is advanced through the chamber154 by successive strokes of the plunger 162. The heating coil 164maintains the chamber 154 at a temperature of about 500 F., which isslightly above the melting point of the nylon molding powder used. It isadvisable to heat the mold 150 also in order to prevent the injectednylon from solidifying before the mold is lled completely. A suitabletemperature for the mold 150 is about 200 F., which is well below themelting point of nylon and yet is high enough to insure that the moltenplastic will penetrateinto every accessible portion of the mold cavity152. Injection pressures of about 8,000 pounds per square inch have beenused successfully.

The same method used to manufacture the plug 20 may be used tomanufacture the modified plug 120. A prop (not shown), somewhat similarto the prop 188 used in the case of the plug 20, may be used to keep thepins 126 and of the plug 120 spaced properly during the moldingoperation.

Instead of using such a prop, the collar 136 may be moldedvbeforehandand used in a similar manner. As shown in Figs. 8 and 9, the preformedcollar 136 is provided with a hub 194, which iits into the contact ring124 and maintains the center pin 126 spaced properly from the ring andfrom the outer pin 130 which is attached to the ring. After performingthe preliminary operations of forming the contact ball 122, the contactring 124, and the pins 126 and 130 to which the ball and ring arerespectively attached, these members are assembled by sliding thepreformed collar 136 along the center pin 126 up to the ball 122. Thecontact ring 124 is then fitted over the hub 194 of the collar 136. Theconductors 141 and 142 are exposed at one end of the length of braidedcordage 138. The conductor 141 is soldered to the center pin 126, andthe conductor 142 is soldered to the outer pin 130. This assembly isplaced in a mold similar to the mold 150, and the rest of the moldingprocedure is the same as in the case of the plug 20.

Still another method of manufacturing cords embodying the inventioninvolves the use of two separate injection molding operations. Afterassembling the center pin within the contact ring, the collar 36 or 136,as the case may be, is formed by injecting molten plastic into a moldjust large enough to accommodate this portion of a plug. The rest of theplastic portions of the plug and the cord are formed by a second moldingoperation. By first forming the collar in this manner, the center pin iskept mounted concentrically within the contact ring until the plasticinjected to form the rest of the body of the plug 7 has hardened. Inthis method the use of preformed props and collars is avoided.

Although the invention has been illustrated and described with referenceto the specific construction of cords designed for making connections ina two conductor system, the invention is not limited to such cords.Methods and products embodying the invention are also applicable toother types of cords, such as cords designed for three conductorsystems. In such cases, a second contact ring, like the single ring 24on the plug 20, might be placed on the shank portion 32 ofthe plug, andbe connected to another pin extending longitudinally through theinterior of the plug to another conductor in a length of braidedcordage. The construction of other component parts of the cord may be.varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. The method of making electrical connection plugs and attaching themto an end of cords having a plurality of insulated conductors therein,which comprises mounting within'a conductive sleeve having a contactring secured to one end thereof a conductive center pin having a contactball secured to one end thereof so that the contact ball is positionedadjacent to the contact ring thereby partially forming a plug assembly,inserting a prop between the pin and the sleeve to maintain them inconcentric spaced relationship, electrically connecting the center pinandthe sleeve to the conductors at the end of such a cord, placing thisassembly including the attached end of the cord within a mold with saidprop contacting a portion of the mold and holding the center pin andsleeve in concentric spaced relationship with respect to each other andwith respect to the mold, the mold being designed to t closely aroundthe ring, the ball and the cord, injecting molten plastic into the moldto encase the adjacent end of the cord and to form the entire remainderof the plug including an insulating collar located between the ball andthe ring.

2. The method of making telephone plugs and attaching them to an end ofcords having a plurality of insulated conductors therein, whichcomprises mounting Within a conductive sleeve having a contact ringsecured to one end thereof a conductive center pin having a contact ballsecured to one end thereof so that the contact ball is po-sitionedadjacent to the contact ring thereby partially forming .a plug assembly,inserting a preformed prop composed of molded nylon between the pin andthe sleeve in contact with the inside surface of a mold to maintain themin concentric spaced relationship with respect to each other and withrespect to the inside surface of the mold, electrically connecting thecenter pin and the sleeve to the conductors at the end of such a cord,placing this assembly including the attached end of the cord Within themold which tits tightly around the ring, the ball and the cord,injecting molten nylon into the mold to encase i the adjacent end of thecord and to form the entire remainder of the plug including aninsulating collar located between the ball and the ring.

3. In a connection cord for telephone switchboards including a length ofcordage having a plurality of insulated conductors therein and havingattached at one end thereof a connection plug including a conductivecenter pin having a contact ball secured to one end thereof and mountedconcentrically within a conductive semicircular web having a contactring secured to one end thereof so that the `ball is positioned adjacentto the ring, said center pin and web being electrically connected to theconductors at the end of the length of cordage, the improvement whichcomprises a shell composed of molded nylon encasing the conductors atthe 8 end of the cordage and rencasing the adjacent portions of thecordage and of the web, said shell constituting the entire remainderofthe plug including a cylindrical body portion encasing the conductorsat the end of the cordage, a cylindrical shank portion extending fromtheV body portion to the contact ring, an annular shoulder formedbetween the body portion and the shank portion,

and an insulating collar portion located between the ball and the ring.

4. In a connection cord for telephone switchboards including a length ofcordage having a plurality of insulated conductors therein and havingattached `at one end thereof a connection plug including a conductivecenter pin having a contacty ball secured to one en d- .Y

thereof and mounted equidistantly from a conductive outer pin having aContact ring securedgto one end thereof so that the ball is positionedadjacent to theV ring, the other ends of the pins being electricallyconected to the conductors at the end of the length of cordage, theimprovement which comprises a shell composed of molded nylon encasingthe conductors at the end of the cordage and encasing the adjacentportions of the cordage and of the pins, said shell constituting the`entire remainder of the plug including a cylindrical body portionencasing the conductors at the end of the cordage, a cylindrical shankportion extending from the f body portion to the contact ring, anannular shoulder formed between the body portion and the shank portion,

and an insulating collar portion located between the ball and the ring.

5. In a connection cord for Ytelephone switchboards including a lengthof cordage having a plurality of insulated conductors therein and havingone end thereof attached to a telephone plug comprising a flat centerconductor having a rectangular cross section, a sleeve] the center ofwhich corresponds to the longitudinal center lline of said flat centerconductor and parallel thereto, a

contact ball secured yto one end of said center conductor, a contactring secured to the end of said sleeve adjacent to said contact ball,said center conductor and said sleeve being individually electricallyconnected to separate conductors of said cordage, a plastic mass moldedin situ in the space between said center conductor and said sleeve, andan annular shoulder formed on said mass to serve as a stop for said plugwhen in-V serted into the switchboard to make electrical contactsbetween said ball and contact ring and portions of said switchboard,said mass encapsulating a portion of said cordage and said plug to forma unitary assembly.

6. A telephone connecting plug comprising a ilat center conductor havinga rectangular cross section, a contact ball secured adjacent to one endthereof, a flat outer conductor having a rectangular cross section, thelongitudinal axes of said outer conductor and said center conductorbeing parallel with respect* to each other, a contact ring securedadjacent to said contact ball on one end of said outer conductor, aVcordage having a plurality of insulated conductors individuallysecured'on the opposite ends of said center conductor and lsaid outerconductor, and a mass of molded plastic in situ in the space betweensaid outer conductor and said center conductor and encapsulatingportions thereof and a portion of said cordage to form a unitaryassembly.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS2,429,414 Kuenstler Oct. 2l, 1947 2,444,997 Lovesey July 13, 19482,590,821 Kiser Mar. 25, 1952 2,693,556 Gahagan Nov. 2, 1954

